Confronting job precarity in Spanish tourism: The rise of the hotel housekeepers

Ivan Murray

Ernest Cañada

Since the 1960s, tourism has played a major role in Spanish capitalism; it has been mostly clustered around the Mediterranean coast and in the Canary Islands. Under General Franco’s dictatorship (1939-1975), tourism was a key currency earner for the balance of payments and helped boost investment. Tourism has subsequently been closely linked to financialisation through the formation of real estate bubbles, especially after Spain joined the European Union (EU) in 1985. While the recent crisis deeply affected the Spanish economy after the burst of the real estate bubble, tourism has been booming again after a short stagnation period between 2008 and 2010. In spite of this, working conditions in the sector have deteriorated significantly, especially for hotel housekeepers. They have, in response, led one of the most significant social mobilisations in Spain.

A long history of attack on working conditions
Since tourism started developing under Franco, profits have been made on the back of widespread labour exploitation. This has however hardly been discussed, except for a few studies on the labour-tourism nexus during the years of Spanish developmentalism (Mandly, 1978) and in neoliberal times (Cañada, 2015).

Two different approaches that fail to protect Brazilian or British agricultural workers

Vitor Filgueiras

Brazil and the United Kingdom are very different regarding the levels of working conditions achieved historically, but both have faced the same strategies to undermine public regulation lately. The failure of different approaches provides clues about the solutions for similar problems.

Many cases of labour exploitation have been uncovered, including slave-like conditions, in both countries. These exploitative conditions are typically found in the agricultural sector, and most of them are associated with outsourcing/subcontracting arrangements.

In Brazil, almost 90% (44) of the 50 largest cases of slave-like conditions uncovered by public institutions between 2010 and 2014 involved workers hired by main companies through intermediaries. These cases cover different regions, company sizes, and intermediaries’ appearance, ranging from gatos (‘cats’, as labour suppliers are called in the Brazilian rural area) to formal contractors. In the UK, labour exploitation and regulation of labour in rural areas are strongly linked to outsourcing, which is predominantly arranged through so-called gangmasters. Between 2013 and 2015, 900 victims of labour exploitation were assisted by the Gangmasters’ Licensing Authority (GLA) (GLA CEO 2015).